The most basic device in electronics is the MOSFET. MOSFET is a device used in numerous circuits such as amplifiers, op amps, and inverters, and can be considered a basic device for semiconductors. Originally, when learning electronic engineering, you first learn about BJTs and pn junctions, but since electronic engineering mainly deals with MOSFETs, I will skip them. First, let's use a simple analogy to easily explain the concept and to show off my drawing skills!
Now let's imagine we are God. We were so bored up in the sky that we dug a big hole in the sky and made a manhole cover to cover it!
We can do various pranks with this manhole cover. You can cover the hole with a manhole cover, or you can say hello and throw the cover away. If you block the hole with a manhole, the manhole will block the rain falling from the sky. In the end, not a single drop of rain will fall on the ground, and people will enjoy the sunny weather to the fullest. Conversely, we could leave the hole as is and let the rain pour down on the ground. As we wish!
It may be a boring imagination, but the role played by MOSFET is not much different from becoming a god and blocking a hole in the sky with a manhole. In the end, MOSFET simply acts as a switch.
An ideal switch is a device that has infinite resistance in the open state (off state) and zero resistance in the closed state (on state). If the resistance is infinite, current cannot flow through the switch, and a voltage difference between the two nodes appears across the open switch. On the other hand, if the resistance is 0, current flows without a voltage drop, allowing current to flow between the two nodes. In the end, you can turn the switch on or off from the outside to allow or disable current flow between the two nodes! So what happens in typical, non-ideal switch states?
In a typical switch, the resistance is very large in the off state, but it is not infinite. Because of this, a small amount of current flows even when the switch is in the off state, which we call leakage current. Also, even when the switch is on, the switch does not have a resistance of 0 but has a resistance ranging from several Ohm to several KOhm, which causes a voltage drop across the switch. It's not difficult, right? Even MOSFETs, which we find difficult, can eventually be modeled as simple switches like this.
Additionally, you may have heard about analog circuits and digital circuits while learning electronic engineering. However, there are many cases where you do not know clearly the differences between analog circuits and digital circuits until you study deeply. Even for me, it's a little embarrassing, but this is clearly the difference between analog and digital!! It took me a while to say that. However, in my experience, I think it is important to clearly understand the differences between the two before studying them in depth, so I included the content even though it is the first chapter. What is the difference between analog circuits and digital circuits?
Let's cover the hole in the sky with a manhole cover again. This time, I was a little more bored, so I experimented with various things with manhole covers. First, I tried completely blocking the hole in the sky and then completely removing the lid from the hole. We humans on the ground think that if we completely close the hole, not a single drop of rain will fall and the weather will be very sunny! On the other hand, if you leave the hole alone, they think it's going to rain and they won't even dare to come out of the house.
This time, let's try another prank. I tried using a manhole cover to close half of the hole in the sky, and sometimes just a little bit. After doing this, our smart humans started analyzing the precipitation! For example, when it is only half blocked, the precipitation is 10mm, and when it is only partially blocked, the precipitation is 30mm! By playing this childish prank, we realized the difference between analog circuits and digital circuits(?) If humans on the ground are to judge whether it is raining, it will be digital (1 if it is raining or 0 if it is not raining) and how much it will rain. If you are judging whether it is falling or not, it is analog. From God's point of view, if you want to pour rain on the people on the ground, or even cause a drought, you don't need careful control of the manhole cover. Just cover the hole with a lid! Or you can just leave the hole open!! However, if you want to finely control the amount of precipitation, you will need careful control of the manhole cover. You have to decide how much to open and close the hole!
Ultimately, whether we need an analog circuit or a digital circuit depends on whether we are interested in signals with continuous values or with discontinuous valuesof 0 and 1. If you want to process a continuous signal and produce an output with a continuous value, you must use an analog circuit. If you want to process a non-continuous signal and want an output with a non-continuous value, you must use a digital circuit! (Here, continuous means that the output value is continuous. Both analog circuits and digital circuits have continuous values depending on time. Digital circuits can only produce two discontinuous outputs, 0 and 1, while analog circuits produce countless continuous outputs such as 0, 0.2, 0.25, ... In reality, all signals that exist in the natural world are analog signals, so analog circuits are used as the front-end, that is, sensors, etc., and the electrical signals obtained through this are converted into digital signals through ADC and then used as digital circuits. Through DSP. Digital is simpler because it consists of 0 and 1. Today, we looked at the simple MOSFET principle through an analogy and learned the differences between analog circuits and digital circuits. That ends here.
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